Melanoma is a very aggressive type of cancer that can spread rapidly. It usually is a type of skin cancer.

Melanoma of the eye can affect several parts of the eye, including the:

• Choroid
• Ciliary body
• Conjunctiva
• Eyelid
• Iris
• Orbit

The choroid layer is the most likely site of melanoma in the eye. This is the layer of blood vessels and connective tissue between the white of the eye and retina (back of the eye).

The cancer may only be in the eye. Or, it may spread (metastasize) to another location in the body, most commonly the liver. Melanoma can also begin on the skin or other organs in the body and spread to the eye.

Melanoma is the most common type of eye tumor in adults. Even so, melanoma that starts in the eye is rare.

Too much exposure to sunlight is an important risk factor for melanoma. People who have fair skin and blue eyes are most affected.

Symptoms of melanoma of the eye may include any of the following:

• Bulging eyes
• Change in iris color
• Poor vision in one eye
• Red, painful eye
• Small defect on the iris or conjunctiva

In some cases, there may be no symptoms.

An eye examination with an ophthalmoscope may reveal a single round or oval lump (tumor) in the eye.

Tests that may be ordered include:

• Brain CT or MRI scan to look for spread (metastasis) to the brain
• Eye ultrasound
• Skin biopsy if there is an affected area on the skin

Small melanomas may be treated with:

• Surgery
• Laser
• Radiation therapy (such as Gamma Knife, CyberKnife, brachytherapy)

Surgery to remove the eye (enucleation) may be needed.

Other treatments that may be used include:

• Chemotherapy, if the cancer has spread beyond the eye
• Immunotherapy, which uses medicines to help your immune system fight the melanoma

You can ease the stress of illness by joining a cancer support group. Sharing with others who have common experiences and problems can help you not feel alone.

The outcome for melanoma of the eye depends on the size of the cancer when it is diagnosed. Most people survive at least 5 years from the time of diagnosis if the cancer has not spread outside the eye.

If the cancer has spread outside the eye, the chance of long-term survival is much lower.

 Problems that may develop due to melanoma of the eye include:

• Distortion or loss of vision
• Retinal detachment
• Spread of the tumor to other areas of the body

Contact your health care provider for an appointment if you have symptoms of melanoma of the eye.

The most important way to prevent melanoma of the eye is to protect the eyes from sunlight, especially between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., when the sun's rays are most intense. Wear sunglasses that have ultraviolet protection.

A yearly eye exam is recommended.

Malignant melanoma - choroid; Malignant melanoma - eye; Eye tumor; Ocular melanoma

Dalvin LA, Shields CL. Tumors of the uvea. In: Yanoff M, Duker JS, eds. Ophthalmology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 8.2.

McCannel TA. Epidemiology of posterior uveal melanoma. In: Sadda SVR, Sarraf D, Freund KB, et al, eds. Ryan's Retina. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 140.

National Cancer Institute website. Intraocular (uveal) melanoma treatment (PDQ) -- health professional version. www.cancer.gov/types/eye/hp/intraocular-melanoma-treatment-pdq. Updated May 12, 2023. Accessed September 12, 2023.

Shields CL, Shields JA. Overview of management of posterior uveal melanoma. In: Sadda SVR, Sarraf D, Freund KB, et al, eds. Ryan's Retina. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 144.

Updated by: Todd Gersten, MD, Hematology/Oncology, Florida Cancer Specialists & Research Institute, Wellington, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.