The median nerve and the tendons that flex (or curl) your fingers go through a passage called the carpal tunnel in your wrist. This tunnel is narrow, so any swelling can pinch the nerve and cause pain. A thick ligament (tissue) just under your skin (the carpal ligament) makes up the top of this tunnel. During the operation, the surgeon cuts through the carpal ligament to make more space for the nerve and tendons.

The surgery is done in the following way:

• First, you receive numbing medicine so that you do not feel pain during surgery. You may be awake but you will also receive medicines to make you relax.
• A small surgical cut is made in the palm of your hand near your wrist.
• Next, the ligament that covers the carpal tunnel is cut. This eases the pressure on the median nerve. Sometimes, tissue around the nerve is removed as well.
• The skin and tissue underneath your skin are closed with sutures (stitches).

Sometimes this procedure is done using a tiny camera attached to a monitor. The surgeon inserts the camera into your wrist through a small surgical cut and views the monitor to see inside your wrist. This is called endoscopic surgery. The instrument used is called an endoscope.

People with symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome usually try nonsurgical treatments first. These may include:

• Anti-inflammatory medicines
• Therapy to learn exercises and stretches
• Workplace changes to improve your seating and how you use your computer or other equipment
• Wrist splints
• Shots of corticosteroid medicine into the carpal tunnel

If none of these treatments help, some surgeons will test the electrical activity of the median nerve with an EMG (electromyogram). If the test shows that there's a significant problem with your median nerve, carpal tunnel release surgery may be recommended.

If the muscles in your hand and wrist are getting smaller because the median nerve is being pinched, surgery will usually be done sooner.

Risks of this surgery are:

• Allergic reactions to medicines
• Bleeding
• Infection
• Injury to the median nerve or nerves that branch off of it
• Weakness and numbness around the hand
• In rare cases, injury to another nerve or blood vessel (artery or vein)
• Scar tenderness
• Worsening pain after the procedure

Before the surgery, you should:

• Tell your surgeon what medicines you are taking. This includes medicines, supplements, or herbs you bought without a prescription.
• You may be asked to temporarily stop taking your blood-thinning medicines. These include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Naprosyn, Aleve), and other medicines.
• Ask your surgeon which medicines you should still take on the day of your surgery.
• If you smoke, try to stop. Ask your provider for help. Smoking can slow healing.
• Let your surgeon know about any cold, flu, fever, herpes breakout, or other illness. If you do get sick, your surgery may need to be postponed.

On the day of surgery:

• Follow instructions about whether you need to stop eating or drinking before surgery.
• Take any medicines you're asked to take with a small sip of water.
• Follow instructions on when to arrive at the hospital. Be sure to arrive on time.

This surgery is done on an outpatient basis. You will not need to stay in the hospital.

After the surgery, your wrist will probably be in a splint or heavy bandage for about a week. Keep this on until your first surgeon visit after surgery, and keep it clean and dry. After the splint or bandage is removed, you will begin motion exercises or a hand therapy program.

Carpal tunnel release decreases pain, nerve tingling, and numbness, and restores muscle strength. Most people are helped by this surgery.

The length of your recovery will depend on how long you had symptoms before surgery and how badly damaged your median nerve is. If you had symptoms for a long time, you may not be completely free of symptoms after you recover.

Median nerve decompression; Carpal tunnel decompression; Surgery - carpal tunnel

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Patterson JMM, Novak CB, Mackinnon SE. Compression neuropathies. In: Wolfe SW, Pederson WC, Kozin SH, Cohen MS, eds. Green's Operative Hand Surgery. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 28.

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Zhao M, Burke DT. Median neuropathy (carpal tunnel syndrome). In: Frontera WR, Silver JK, Rizzo TD Jr, eds. Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Musculoskeletal Disorders, Pain, and Rehabilitation. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 36.

Updated by: C. Benjamin Ma, MD, Professor, Chief, Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, UCSF Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco, CA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.