There are two types of surgery:

• Tibial osteotomy is surgery done on the shin bone below the knee cap.
• Femoral osteotomy is surgery done on the thigh bone above the knee cap.

During surgery:

• You will be pain-free during surgery. You may get spinal or epidural anesthesia, along with medicine to help you relax. You may also receive general anesthesia, in which you will be asleep.
• Your surgeon will make a 4 to 5 inch (10 to 13 centimeters) cut on the area where the osteotomy is being done.
• The surgeon may remove a wedge of your shinbone or thighbone from underneath the healthy side of your knee. This is called a closing wedge osteotomy.
• The surgeon may also open a wedge on the painful side of the knee. This is called an opening wedge osteotomy.
• Staples, screws, or plates may be used, depending on the type of osteotomy. This is called fixation.
• You may need a bone graft to fill in the wedge.

In most cases, the procedure will take 1 to 1 1/2 hours.

Osteotomy of the knee is done to treat symptoms of knee arthritis or for instability. It is done when other treatments no longer offer relief.

Arthritis most often affects the inside part of the knee. Most of the time, the outside part of the knee is less affected unless you have had a knee injury in the past.

Osteotomy surgery works by shifting the weight away from the damaged part of your knee. For the surgery to be successful, the side of the knee where the weight is being shifted to should have little or no arthritis.

The risks for any anesthesia or surgery are:

• Allergic reactions to medicines
• Breathing problems
• Bleeding
• Infection

Other risks from this surgery include:

• Blood clot in the leg.
• Injury to a blood vessel or nerve.
• Infection in the knee joint.
• Knee stiffness or a knee joint that is not well-aligned.
• Stiffness in the knee.
• Failure of the fixation that requires more surgery.
• Failure for the osteotomy to heal. This may require more surgery or treatment.
• Pain from the plates and screws that were placed.

Always tell your surgeon which medicines you are taking, even medicines, supplements, or herbs you bought without a prescription.

During the 2 weeks before your surgery:

• You may be asked to stop taking medicines that make it harder for your blood to clot. These include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Naprosyn, Aleve), blood thinners such as warfarin (Coumadin), and other medicines.
• Ask your surgeon which medicines you should still take on the day of your surgery.
• Tell your surgeon if you have been drinking a lot of alcohol -- more than 1 or 2 drinks a day.
• If you smoke, try to stop. Ask your health care provider for help. Smoking can slow down wound and bone healing.

On the day of your surgery:

• You will most often be asked not to drink or eat anything for 6 to 12 hours before the procedure.
• Take the drugs your surgeon told you to take with a small sip of water.
• You will be told when to arrive at the hospital.

By having an osteotomy, you may be able to delay the need for a knee replacement for up to 10 years, but still stay active with your own knee joint.

A tibial osteotomy may make you look "knock-kneed." A femoral osteotomy may make you look "bow legged."

You will be fitted with a brace to limit how much you're able to move your knee during the recovery period. The brace may also help hold your knee in the correct position.

You will need to use crutches for 6 weeks or more. At first, you may be asked to not place any weight on your knee. Ask your surgeon when it will be OK to walk with weight on your leg that had the surgery. You will see a physical therapist to help you with an exercise program.

Complete recovery may take several months to a year.

Proximal tibial osteotomy; Lateral closing wedge osteotomy; High tibial osteotomy; Distal femoral osteotomy; Arthritis - osteotomy

Crenshaw AH. Soft- tissue procedures and osteotomies about the knee. In: Azar FM, Beaty JH, eds. Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics. 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 9.

Feldman A, Gonzalez-Lomas G, Swensen SJ, Kaplan DJ. Osteotomies about the knee. In: Scott WN, ed. Insall & Scott Surgery of the Knee. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 121.

Phillips MJ, Nodzo SR. Patient considerations: comorbidities and optimization. In: Mihalko WM, Mont MA, Krackow KA, eds. Technique of Total Knee Arthroplasty. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 1.

Updated by: C. Benjamin Ma, MD, Professor, Chief, Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, UCSF Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco, CA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.