Heterotaxy syndrome is a condition in which the internal organs are abnormally arranged in the chest and abdomen. The term "heterotaxy" is from the Greek words "heteros," meaning "other than," and "taxis," meaning "arrangement." Individuals with this condition have complex birth defects affecting the heart, lungs, liver, spleen, intestines, and other organs.

In the normal body, most of the organs in the chest and abdomen have a particular location on the right or left side. For example, the heart, spleen, and pancreas are on the left side of the body, and most of the liver is on the right. This normal arrangement of the organs is known as "situs solitus." Rarely, the orientation of the internal organs is completely flipped from right to left, a situation known as "situs inversus." This mirror-image orientation usually does not cause any health problems, unless it occurs as part of a syndrome affecting other parts of the body. Heterotaxy syndrome is an arrangement of internal organs somewhere between situs solitus and situs inversus; this condition is also known as "situs ambiguus." Unlike situs inversus, the abnormal arrangement of organs in heterotaxy syndrome often causes serious health problems.

Heterotaxy syndrome can alter the structure of the heart, including the attachment of the large blood vessels that carry blood to and from the rest of the body. It can also affect the structure of the lungs, such as the number of lobes in each lung and the length of the tubes (called bronchi) that lead from the windpipe to the lungs. In the abdomen, the condition can cause a person to have no spleen (asplenia) or multiple small, poorly functioning spleens (polysplenia). The liver may lie across the middle of the body instead of being in its normal position to the right of the stomach. Some affected individuals also have intestinal malrotation, which is an abnormal twisting of the intestines that occurs in the early stages of development before birth.

Depending on the organs involved, signs and symptoms of heterotaxy syndrome can include a bluish appearance of the skin or lips (cyanosis, which is due to a shortage of oxygen), breathing difficulties, an increased risk of infections, and problems with digesting food. The most serious complications are generally caused by critical congenital heart disease, a group of complex heart defects that are present from birth. Biliary atresia, a problem with the bile ducts in the liver, can also cause severe health problems in infancy.

The severity of heterotaxy syndrome varies depending on the specific abnormalities involved. Some affected individuals have only mild health problems related to the condition. At the other end of the spectrum, heterotaxy syndrome can be life-threatening in infancy or childhood, even with treatment.

The prevalence of heterotaxy syndrome is estimated to be 1 in 10,000 people worldwide. However, researchers suspect that the condition is underdiagnosed, and so it may actually be more common than this. Heterotaxy syndrome accounts for approximately 3 percent of all congenital heart defects. For reasons that are unknown, the condition appears to be more common in populations in Asia than in North America and Europe. Recent studies report that in the United States, the condition occurs more frequently in children born to Black or Hispanic mothers than in children born to white mothers.

Heterotaxy syndrome can be caused by mutations in many different genes. The proteins produced from most of these genes play roles in determining which structures should be on the right side of the body and which should be on the left, a process known as establishing left-right asymmetry. This process occurs during the earliest stages of embryonic development. Dozens of genes are probably involved in establishing left-right asymmetry; mutations in at least 20 of these genes have been identified in people with heterotaxy syndrome.

In some cases, heterotaxy syndrome is caused by mutations in genes whose involvement in determining left-right asymmetry is unknown. Rarely, chromosomal changes such as insertions, deletions, duplications, and other rearrangements of genetic material have been associated with this condition.

Heterotaxy syndrome can occur by itself, or it can be a feature of other genetic syndromes that have additional signs and symptoms. For example, at least 12 percent of people with a condition called primary ciliary dyskinesia have heterotaxy syndrome. In addition to abnormally positioned internal organs, primary ciliary dyskinesia is characterized by chronic respiratory tract infections and an inability to have children (infertility). The signs and symptoms of this condition are caused by abnormal cilia, which are microscopic, finger-like projections that stick out from the surface of cells. It appears that cilia play a critical role in establishing left-right asymmetry before birth.

Studies suggest that certain factors affecting a woman during pregnancy may also contribute to the risk of heterotaxy syndrome in her child. These include diabetes mellitus; smoking; and exposure to hair dyes, cocaine, and certain chemicals such as pesticides and organic solvents.

Some people with heterotaxy syndrome have no identified gene mutations or other risk factors. In these cases, the cause of the condition is unknown.

Genetic Testing Information

• Genetic Testing Registry: Atrioventricular septal defect, partial, with heterotaxy syndrome
• Genetic Testing Registry: Heterotaxy, visceral, 5, autosomal
• Genetic Testing Registry: Visceral heterotaxy
• Genetic Testing Registry: Heterotaxy, visceral, 1, X-linked
• Genetic Testing Registry: Heterotaxy, visceral, 2, autosomal
• Genetic Testing Registry: Heterotaxy, visceral, 4, autosomal
• Genetic Testing Registry: Heterotaxy, visceral, 6, autosomal

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center

• Heterotaxia

Patient Support and Advocacy Resources

• National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)

Clinical Trials

• ClinicalTrials.gov

Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM

• RIGHT ATRIAL ISOMERISM; RAI
• HETEROTAXY, VISCERAL, 5, AUTOSOMAL; HTX5
• HETEROTAXY, VISCERAL, 1, X-LINKED; HTX1
• ATRIOVENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 2; AVSD2
• HETEROTAXY, VISCERAL, 2, AUTOSOMAL; HTX2
• HETEROTAXY, VISCERAL, 3, AUTOSOMAL; HTX3
• HETEROTAXY, VISCERAL, 6, AUTOSOMAL; HTX6
• HETEROTAXY, VISCERAL, 4, AUTOSOMAL; HTX4

Scientific Articles on PubMed

• PubMed

• Deng H, Xia H, Deng S. Genetic basis of human left-right asymmetry disorders. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2015 Jan 27;16:e19. doi: 10.1017/erm.2014.22. Citation on PubMed
• El Malti R, Liu H, Doray B, Thauvin C, Maltret A, Dauphin C, Goncalves-Rocha M, Teboul M, Blanchet P, Roume J, Gronier C, Ducreux C, Veyrier M, Marcon F, Acar P, Lusson JR, Levy M, Beyler C, Vigneron J, Cordier-Alex MP, Heitz F, Sanlaville D, Bonnet D, Bouvagnet P. A systematic variant screening in familial cases of congenital heart defects demonstrates the usefulness of molecular genetics in this field. Eur J Hum Genet. 2016 Feb;24(2):228-36. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.105. Epub 2015 May 27. Citation on PubMed
• Jacobs JP, Anderson RH, Weinberg PM, Walters HL 3rd, Tchervenkov CI, Del Duca D, Franklin RC, Aiello VD, Beland MJ, Colan SD, Gaynor JW, Krogmann ON, Kurosawa H, Maruszewski B, Stellin G, Elliott MJ. The nomenclature, definition and classification of cardiac structures in the setting of heterotaxy. Cardiol Young. 2007 Sep;17 Suppl 2:1-28. doi: 10.1017/S1047951107001138. Citation on PubMed
• Kim SJ. Heterotaxy syndrome. Korean Circ J. 2011 May;41(5):227-32. doi: 10.4070/kcj.2011.41.5.227. Epub 2011 May 31. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
• Kuehl KS, Loffredo C. Risk factors for heart disease associated with abnormal sidedness. Teratology. 2002 Nov;66(5):242-8. doi: 10.1002/tera.10099. Citation on PubMed
• Lin AE, Krikov S, Riehle-Colarusso T, Frias JL, Belmont J, Anderka M, Geva T, Getz KD, Botto LD; National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Laterality defects in the national birth defects prevention study (1998-2007): birth prevalence and descriptive epidemiology. Am J Med Genet A. 2014 Oct;164A(10):2581-91. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36695. Epub 2014 Aug 6. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
• Lopez KN, Marengo LK, Canfield MA, Belmont JW, Dickerson HA. Racial disparities in heterotaxy syndrome. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2015 Nov;103(11):941-50. doi: 10.1002/bdra.23416. Epub 2015 Sep 2. Citation on PubMed
• Shapiro AJ, Davis SD, Ferkol T, Dell SD, Rosenfeld M, Olivier KN, Sagel SD, Milla C, Zariwala MA, Wolf W, Carson JL, Hazucha MJ, Burns K, Robinson B, Knowles MR, Leigh MW; Genetic Disorders of Mucociliary Clearance Consortium. Laterality defects other than situs inversus totalis in primary ciliary dyskinesia: insights into situs ambiguus and heterotaxy. Chest. 2014 Nov;146(5):1176-1186. doi: 10.1378/chest.13-1704. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
• Sutherland MJ, Ware SM. Disorders of left-right asymmetry: heterotaxy and situs inversus. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2009 Nov 15;151C(4):307-17. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30228. Citation on PubMed
• Teele SA, Jacobs JP, Border WL, Chanani NK. Heterotaxy Syndrome: Proceedings From the 10th International PCICS Meeting. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg. 2015 Oct;6(4):616-29. doi: 10.1177/2150135115604470. Citation on PubMed