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APOB gene
URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/apob/

APOB gene

apolipoprotein B

Normal Function

The APOB gene provides instructions for making two versions of the apolipoprotein B protein, a short version called apolipoprotein B-48 and a longer version known as apolipoprotein B-100. Both of these proteins are components of lipoproteins, which are particles that carry fats and fat-like substances (such as cholesterol) in the blood.

Apolipoprotein B-48 is produced in the intestine, where it is a building block of a type of lipoprotein called a chylomicron. As food is digested after a meal, chylomicrons are formed to carry fat and cholesterol from the intestine into the bloodstream. Chylomicrons are also necessary for the absorption of certain fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin E and vitamin A.

Apolipoprotein B-100, which is produced in the liver, is a component of several other types of lipoproteins. Specifically, this protein is a building block of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs), and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). These related molecules all transport fats and cholesterol in the bloodstream.

LDLs are the primary carriers of cholesterol in the blood. Apolipoprotein B-100 allows LDLs to attach to specific receptors on the surface of cells, particularly in the liver. Once attached, the receptors transport LDLs into the cell, where they are broken down to release cholesterol. The cholesterol is then used by the cell, stored, or removed from the body.

Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes

Familial hypercholesterolemia

More than 100 mutations in the APOB gene are known to cause familial hypercholesterolemia. This condition is characterized by very high levels of cholesterol in the blood and an increased risk of developing heart disease. Each mutation that causes this condition changes a single protein building block (amino acid) in a critical region of apolipoprotein B-100. (Apolipoprotein B-48 is normal.) The altered protein prevents LDLs from effectively attaching to their receptors on the surface of cells. As a result, fewer LDLs are removed from the blood, and blood cholesterol levels are much higher than normal. As the excess cholesterol circulates through the bloodstream, it is deposited abnormally in tissues such as the skin, tendons, and arteries that supply blood to the heart (coronary arteries). A buildup of cholesterol in the walls of coronary arteries greatly increases a person's risk of having a heart attack.

Most people with familial hypercholesterolemia inherit one altered copy of the APOB gene from an affected parent and one normal copy of the gene from the other parent. These cases are associated with an increased risk of early heart disease, typically beginning in a person's forties or fifties. Rarely, a person with familial hypercholesterolemia is born with two mutated copies of the APOB gene. This situation occurs when the person has two affected parents, each of whom passes on one altered copy of the gene. The presence of two APOB gene mutations results in a more severe form of hypercholesterolemia that usually appears in childhood.

More About This Health Condition

Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia

More than 120 mutations in the APOB gene have been found to cause familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL), a disorder that impairs the body's ability to absorb and transport fat. Most APOB gene mutations that cause FHBL lead to the production of apolipoprotein B that is abnormally short.

The severity of the condition largely depends on the length of the abnormal apolipoprotein B. Some mutations in the APOB gene lead to the production of a protein that is shorter than apolipoprotein B-100, but longer than apolipoprotein B-48. In these cases, normal apolipoprotein B-48 is still made in the intestine. The normal-length apolipoprotein B-48 can form chylomicrons normally, but the abnormally short apolipoprotein B-100 produced in the liver is less able to produce lipoproteins. Other mutations result in a protein that is shorter than both apolipoprotein B-48 and apolipoprotein B-100. In these cases, no normal-length apolipoprotein B protein is produced. The severely shortened protein is not able to form lipoproteins in the liver or the intestine. Generally, if both versions of the protein are shorter than apolipoprotein B-48, the signs and symptoms are more severe than if some normal length apolipoprotein B-48 is produced. All of these protein changes lead to a reduction of functional apolipoprotein B. As a result, the transportation of dietary fats and cholesterol is decreased or absent. A decrease in fat transport reduces the body's ability to absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the diet, leading to the signs and symptoms of FHBL.

More About This Health Condition

Other disorders

Researchers are studying other variations (polymorphisms) in the APOB gene that may influence heart disease risk in people without inherited cholesterol disorders. Some studies have found that certain polymorphisms are associated with higher levels of LDLs in the blood and an increased chance of developing or dying of heart disease. Other studies, however, have not shown such an association. It is clear that a large number of genetic and lifestyle factors, many of which remain unknown, determine the risk of developing this complex condition.

Other Names for This Gene

  • apoB-100
  • apoB-48
  • APOB_HUMAN
  • apolipoprotein B (including Ag(x) antigen)

Additional Information & Resources

Tests Listed in the Genetic Testing Registry

Scientific Articles on PubMed

Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM

Gene and Variant Databases

References

  • Benn M, Nordestgaard BG, Jensen JS, Grande P, Sillesen H, Tybjaerg-Hansen A. Polymorphism in APOB associated with increased low-density lipoprotein levels in both genders in the general population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Oct;90(10):5797-803. doi: 10.1210/jc.2005-0974. Epub 2005 Jul 19. Citation on PubMed
  • Burnett JR, Hooper AJ, Hegele RA. APOB-Related Familial Hypobetalipoproteinemia. 2021 May 13 [updated 2021 Sep 9]. In: Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews(R) [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2024. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK570370/ Citation on PubMed
  • Fouchier SW, Sankatsing RR, Peter J, Castillo S, Pocovi M, Alonso R, Kastelein JJ, Defesche JC. High frequency of APOB gene mutations causing familial hypobetalipoproteinaemia in patients of Dutch and Spanish descent. J Med Genet. 2005 Apr;42(4):e23. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2004.029454. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
  • Hooper AJ, van Bockxmeer FM, Burnett JR. Monogenic hypocholesterolaemic lipid disorders and apolipoprotein B metabolism. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2005;42(5-6):515-45. doi: 10.1080/10408360500295113. Citation on PubMed
  • Olofsson SO, Boren J. Apolipoprotein B: a clinically important apolipoprotein which assembles atherogenic lipoproteins and promotes the development of atherosclerosis. J Intern Med. 2005 Nov;258(5):395-410. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01556.x. Citation on PubMed
  • Schonfeld G, Lin X, Yue P. Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia: genetics and metabolism. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2005 Jun;62(12):1372-8. doi: 10.1007/s00018-005-4473-0. Citation on PubMed
  • Soufi M, Sattler AM, Maerz W, Starke A, Herzum M, Maisch B, Schaefer JR. A new but frequent mutation of apoB-100-apoB His3543Tyr. Atherosclerosis. 2004 May;174(1):11-6. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.12.021. Citation on PubMed
  • Tarugi P, Averna M, Di Leo E, Cefalu AB, Noto D, Magnolo L, Cattin L, Bertolini S, Calandra S. Molecular diagnosis of hypobetalipoproteinemia: an ENID review. Atherosclerosis. 2007 Dec;195(2):e19-27. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.05.003. Epub 2007 Jun 14. Erratum In: Atherosclerosis. 2016 Oct;253:e1. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.05.010. Citation on PubMed
  • Tarugi P, Averna M. Hypobetalipoproteinemia: genetics, biochemistry, and clinical spectrum. Adv Clin Chem. 2011;54:81-107. Citation on PubMed
  • van Aalst-Cohen ES, Jansen AC, de Jongh S, de Sauvage Nolting PR, Kastelein JJ. Clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of familial hypercholesterolemia. Semin Vasc Med. 2004 Feb;4(1):31-41. doi: 10.1055/s-2004-822984. Citation on PubMed
  • Vrablik M, Ceska R, Horinek A. Major apolipoprotein B-100 mutations in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis. Physiol Res. 2001;50(4):337-43. Citation on PubMed

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