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Normal Function
The PHF8 gene provides instructions for making a protein that is found in the cell nucleus, particularly in brain cells before and just after birth. The PHF8 protein is part of a group known as zinc finger proteins, which contain one or more short regions called zinc finger domains. These regions include a specific pattern of protein building blocks (amino acids) and one or more charged atoms of zinc (zinc ions). The folded configuration of the zinc finger domain stabilizes the protein and allows it to attach (bind) to other molecules.
The PHF8 protein contains a specific zinc finger domain called a PHD domain, which binds to complexes called chromatin, the network of DNA and proteins (called histones) that packages DNA into chromosomes. Binding with the PHF8 protein is part of the process that changes the structure of chromatin (chromatin remodeling) to alter how tightly regions of DNA are packaged. Chromatin remodeling is one way gene activity (expression) is regulated; when DNA is tightly packed genes tend to be turned off, compared to when DNA is loosely packed and genes are usually turned on. While the PHF8 protein is bound to chromatin, another domain of the PHF8 protein, called Jumonji C (JmjC), removes molecules called methyl groups from histones. Removing these methyl groups (demethylation) causes the chromatin to become loosely packed and increases the expression of specific genes.
Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes
X-linked intellectual disability, Siderius type
At least four mutations in the PHF8 gene have been found to cause X-linked intellectual disability, Siderius type. This condition is characterized by mild to moderate intellectual disability, and it occurs only in males. Affected boys often have an opening in the lip (cleft lip) with an opening in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate). Most PHF8 gene mutations lead to an abnormally short protein that gets transported out of the cell's nucleus. Outside of the nucleus, the PHF8 protein cannot interact with chromatin to regulate gene expression. Other mutations impair the protein's ability to remove methyl groups from histones within chromatin, leading to a decrease in gene expression.
While the exact disease mechanism is unknown, it is likely that impaired protein function or a lack of PHF8 protein in the nucleus of brain cells before birth prevents chromatin remodeling, altering the normal expression of genes involved in intellectual function and formation of structures along the midline of the skull. This altered gene expression leads to intellectual disability and cleft lip and palate found in males with X-linked intellectual disability, Siderius type.
More About This Health ConditionOther Names for This Gene
- histone lysine demethylase PHF8
- JHDM1F
- jumonji C domain-containing histone demethylase 1F
- KIAA1111
- PHF8_HUMAN
- ZNF422
Additional Information & Resources
Tests Listed in the Genetic Testing Registry
Scientific Articles on PubMed
Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM
References
- Fortschegger K, de Graaf P, Outchkourov NS, van Schaik FM, Timmers HT, Shiekhattar R. PHF8 targets histone methylation and RNA polymerase II to activate transcription. Mol Cell Biol. 2010 Jul;30(13):3286-98. doi: 10.1128/MCB.01520-09. Epub 2010 Apr 26. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
- Kleine-Kohlbrecher D, Christensen J, Vandamme J, Abarrategui I, Bak M, Tommerup N, Shi X, Gozani O, Rappsilber J, Salcini AE, Helin K. A functional link between the histone demethylase PHF8 and the transcription factor ZNF711 in X-linked mental retardation. Mol Cell. 2010 Apr 23;38(2):165-78. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.03.002. Epub 2010 Mar 25. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
- Loenarz C, Ge W, Coleman ML, Rose NR, Cooper CD, Klose RJ, Ratcliffe PJ, Schofield CJ. PHF8, a gene associated with cleft lip/palate and mental retardation, encodes for an Nepsilon-dimethyl lysine demethylase. Hum Mol Genet. 2010 Jan 15;19(2):217-22. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddp480. Epub 2009 Oct 19. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
- Qiu J, Shi G, Jia Y, Li J, Wu M, Li J, Dong S, Wong J. The X-linked mental retardation gene PHF8 is a histone demethylase involved in neuronal differentiation. Cell Res. 2010 Aug;20(8):908-18. doi: 10.1038/cr.2010.81. Epub 2010 Jun 15. Citation on PubMed
- Yu L, Wang Y, Huang S, Wang J, Deng Z, Zhang Q, Wu W, Zhang X, Liu Z, Gong W, Chen Z. Structural insights into a novel histone demethylase PHF8. Cell Res. 2010 Feb;20(2):166-73. doi: 10.1038/cr.2010.8. Epub 2010 Jan 26. Citation on PubMed
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