The POMC gene provides instructions for making a protein called proopiomelanocortin (POMC), which is cut (cleaved) into smaller pieces called peptides that have different functions in the body. The peptides attach (bind) to one of several proteins in different regions of the body, and this binding triggers signaling pathways that control many important functions.

One peptide produced from the POMC protein is called adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH binds to melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R), stimulating the release of a hormone called cortisol. This hormone helps maintain blood sugar (glucose) levels, protects the body from stress, and stops (suppresses) inflammation.

Three similar peptides called alpha-, beta-, and gamma-melanocyte stimulating hormones (α-, β-, and γ-MSH) are also cut from the POMC protein. The primary role of α-MSH is in the pigment-producing cells of the skin and hair (melanocytes), where it binds to melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R). This attachment stimulates the production and release of a pigment called melanin, which is the substance that gives skin and hair their color.

The β-MSH peptide plays a role in weight regulation by binding to melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R). Signaling through this receptor in the brain helps maintain the balance between energy from food taken into the body and energy spent by the body. The correct balance is important to control eating and weight. The α-MSH peptide can also bind to MC4R and help maintain the correct energy balance.

Studies show that γ-MSH binds to melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R). Signaling stimulated by this interaction appears to be involved in regulating the amount of sodium in the body and controlling blood pressure, although the mechanism is unclear.

Another peptide produced from POMC is β-endorphin. Attachment of β-endorphin to proteins in the brain called opioid receptors stimulates signaling for pain relief.

Tests Listed in the Genetic Testing Registry

• Tests of POMC

Scientific Articles on PubMed

• PubMed

Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM

• PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; POMC

Gene and Variant Databases

• NCBI Gene
• ClinVar

• Biebermann H, Castaneda TR, van Landeghem F, von Deimling A, Escher F, Brabant G, Hebebrand J, Hinney A, Tschop MH, Gruters A, Krude H. A role for beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in human body-weight regulation. Cell Metab. 2006 Feb;3(2):141-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2006.01.007. Citation on PubMed
• Kadekaro AL, Kanto H, Kavanagh R, Abdel-Malek Z. Significance of the melanocortin 1 receptor in regulating human melanocyte pigmentation, proliferation, and survival. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Jun;994:359-65. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03200.x. Citation on PubMed
• Kathpalia PP, Charlton C, Rajagopal M, Pao AC. The natriuretic mechanism of Gamma-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone. Peptides. 2011 May;32(5):1068-72. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.02.006. Epub 2011 Feb 16. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
• Krude H, Biebermann H, Gruters A. Mutations in the human proopiomelanocortin gene. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Jun;994:233-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03185.x. Citation on PubMed
• Lee YS, Challis BG, Thompson DA, Yeo GS, Keogh JM, Madonna ME, Wraight V, Sims M, Vatin V, Meyre D, Shield J, Burren C, Ibrahim Z, Cheetham T, Swift P, Blackwood A, Hung CC, Wareham NJ, Froguel P, Millhauser GL, O'Rahilly S, Farooqi IS. A POMC variant implicates beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the control of human energy balance. Cell Metab. 2006 Feb;3(2):135-40. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2006.01.006. Citation on PubMed