Direct-to-consumer genetic tests are laboratory tests that are advertised and sold directly to consumers (customers). These tests offer customers insights into their genetic information.

Direct-to-consumer genetic testing process:

• Purchase the test online or in stores
• Collect a DNA sample by swabbing the inside of the cheek and placing the swab into a tube or by spitting directly into a tube
• Mail the tube to the testing company
• Access the results through a written report or through a secure website or app

The cost of direct-to-consumer genetic testing is generally not covered by most health insurance plans. However, some of these tests may be eligible for reimbursement through flexible spending accounts (FSAs) or health spending accounts (HSAs).

Direct-to-consumer genetic testing offers people the ability to access their genetic information without involving a healthcare provider or a health insurance company. However, additional testing through a healthcare provider is usually required before direct-to-consumer test results can be used to diagnose a medical condition or make healthcare decisions. Genetic testing that is ordered through a healthcare provider is called clinical genetic testing or provider-driven genetic testing.

Clinical genetic testing process:

• Determine which test is needed
• Order the test from a laboratory
• Collect a DNA sample
• Send the DNA sample to the laboratory for testing and interpretation
• Share the results with the patient

Often, a health insurance company will cover part or all of the cost of this type of genetic testing. Results from provider-driven genetic testing can be used to diagnose specific medical conditions or guide decisions about a person’s care.

Information provided by direct-to-consumer genetic testing 

There are a number of companies that provide direct-to-consumer genetic testing, and new companies frequently enter the market. The types of information provided by direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies may include:

• Information about certain traits such as hair texture and taste preferences
• Information about wellness or lifestyle factors such as sleep and fitness
• Predictions about an individual’s response to certain medications 
• Predictions about an individual’s risk of developing specific conditions
• Ancestry information

Because there are currently few regulations in place for direct-to-consumer genetic tests, it is important for individuals to assess the quality of a particular company’s services before pursuing direct-to-consumer genetic testing.

Other names for direct-to-consumer genetic testing:

• Consumer-driven genetic testing
• DTC genetic testing
• Direct-access genetic testing
• At-home genetic testing
• Home DNA testing