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Description
Frontometaphyseal dysplasia is a disorder involving abnormalities in skeletal development and other health problems. It is a member of a group of related conditions called otopalatodigital spectrum disorders, which also includes otopalatodigital syndrome type 1, otopalatodigital syndrome type 2, Melnick-Needles syndrome, and terminal osseous dysplasia. In general, these disorders involve hearing loss caused by malformations in the tiny bones in the ears (ossicles
), problems in the development of the roof of the mouth (palate), and bony abnormalities involving various areas of the skeleton.
Frontometaphyseal dysplasia is distinguished from the other otopalatodigital spectrum disorders by the presence of joint deformities called contractures that restrict the movement of certain joints. People with frontometaphyseal dysplasia may also have bowed limbs, an abnormal curvature of the spine (scoliosis
), and abnormalities of the fingers and hands.
Characteristic facial features may include prominent brow ridges; wide-set and downward-slanting eyes; a very small lower jaw and chin (micrognathia); and small, missing, or misaligned teeth. Some affected individuals have hearing loss.
In addition to skeletal abnormalities, individuals with frontometaphyseal dysplasia may have obstruction of the ducts between the kidneys and bladder (ureters), heart defects, or constrictions in the passages leading from the windpipe to the lungs (the bronchi) that can cause problems with breathing.
There are three types of frontometaphyseal dysplasia, known as type 1, type 2, and type 3. The three types differ in their genetic cause and the way they are inherited.
Frequency
Frontometaphyseal dysplasia is a rare disorder; over a hundred cases have been reported worldwide.
Causes
Variants (also called mutations) in the FLNA gene cause frontometaphyseal dysplasia type 1. Variants in the MAP3K7 gene cause frontometaphyseal dysplasia type 2, and TAB2 gene variants cause type 3.
The FLNA gene provides instructions for producing the protein filamin A, which helps build the network of protein filaments (cytoskeleton
) that gives structure to cells and allows them to change shape and move. Filamin A binds to another protein called actin, and helps the actin form the branching network of filaments that make up the cytoskeleton. Filamin A also links actin to many other proteins to perform various functions within the cell.
Variants in the FLNA gene have been identified in people with frontometaphyseal dysplasia. These mutations are described as "gain-of-function" because they appear to enhance the activity of the filamin A protein or give the protein a new, atypical function. Researchers think that the mutations may change the way the filamin A protein helps regulate processes involved in skeletal development, but it is not known how changes in the protein relate to the specific signs and symptoms of frontometaphyseal dysplasia.
Inheritance
When frontometaphyseal dysplasia is caused by variants in the FLNA gene, it is inherited in an X-linked dominant pattern
. The FLNA gene is located on the X chromosome, which is one of the two sex chromosomes
. In females (who have two X chromosomes), a variant in one of the two copies of the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. In males (who have only one X chromosome), a variant in the only copy of the gene in each cell causes the disorder. A characteristic of X-linked inheritance is that fathers cannot pass X-linked traits to their sons. Males with frontometaphyseal dysplasia type 1 generally have more severe signs and symptoms of the disorder than do females, who may show only the characteristic facial features.
When frontometaphyseal dysplasia is caused by variants in the MAP3K7 or TAB2 gene, it is inherited in an autosomal dominant
pattern. Autosomal dominant inheritance means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.
Other Names for This Condition
- FMD
Additional Information & Resources
Genetic Testing Information
Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center
Patient Support and Advocacy Resources
Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM
Scientific Articles on PubMed
References
- Giuliano F, Collignon P, Paquis-Flucklinger V, Bardot J, Philip N. A new three-generational family with frontometaphyseal dysplasia, male-to-female transmission, and a previously reported FLNA mutation. Am J Med Genet A. 2005 Jan 15;132A(2):222. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30396. No abstract available. Citation on PubMed
- Morava E, Illes T, Weisenbach J, Karteszi J, Kosztolanyi G. Clinical and genetic heterogeneity in frontometaphyseal dysplasia: severe progressive scoliosis in two families. Am J Med Genet A. 2003 Jan 30;116A(3):272-7. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.10831. Citation on PubMed
- Robertson S. X-Linked Otopalatodigital Spectrum Disorders. 2005 Nov 30 [updated 2019 Oct 3]. In: Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews(R) [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2024. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1393/ Citation on PubMed
- Robertson SP, Jenkins ZA, Morgan T, Ades L, Aftimos S, Boute O, Fiskerstrand T, Garcia-Minaur S, Grix A, Green A, Der Kaloustian V, Lewkonia R, McInnes B, van Haelst MM, Mancini G, Illes T, Mortier G, Newbury-Ecob R, Nicholson L, Scott CI, Ochman K, Brozek I, Shears DJ, Superti-Furga A, Suri M, Whiteford M, Wilkie AO, Krakow D. Frontometaphyseal dysplasia: mutations in FLNA and phenotypic diversity. Am J Med Genet A. 2006 Aug 15;140(16):1726-36. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31322. Erratum In: Am J Med Genet A. 2006 Dec 15;140(24):2840. Macini, Grazia [corrected to Mancini, Grazia]. Citation on PubMed
- Robertson SP, Twigg SR, Sutherland-Smith AJ, Biancalana V, Gorlin RJ, Horn D, Kenwrick SJ, Kim CA, Morava E, Newbury-Ecob R, Orstavik KH, Quarrell OW, Schwartz CE, Shears DJ, Suri M, Kendrick-Jones J, Wilkie AO; OPD-spectrum Disorders Clinical Collaborative Group. Localized mutations in the gene encoding the cytoskeletal protein filamin A cause diverse malformations in humans. Nat Genet. 2003 Apr;33(4):487-91. doi: 10.1038/ng1119. Epub 2003 Mar 3. Citation on PubMed
- Robertson SP. Otopalatodigital syndrome spectrum disorders: otopalatodigital syndrome types 1 and 2, frontometaphyseal dysplasia and Melnick-Needles syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet. 2007 Jan;15(1):3-9. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201654. Epub 2006 Aug 23. Citation on PubMed
- Wade EM, Daniel PB, Jenkins ZA, McInerney-Leo A, Leo P, Morgan T, Addor MC, Ades LC, Bertola D, Bohring A, Carter E, Cho TJ, Duba HC, Fletcher E, Kim CA, Krakow D, Morava E, Neuhann T, Superti-Furga A, Veenstra-Knol I, Wieczorek D, Wilson LC, Hennekam RC, Sutherland-Smith AJ, Strom TM, Wilkie AO, Brown MA, Duncan EL, Markie DM, Robertson SP. Mutations in MAP3K7 that Alter the Activity of the TAK1 Signaling Complex Cause Frontometaphyseal Dysplasia. Am J Hum Genet. 2016 Aug 4;99(2):392-406. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.05.024. Epub 2016 Jul 15. Citation on PubMed
- Wade EM, Halliday BJ, Jenkins ZA, O'Neill AC, Robertson SP. The X-linked filaminopathies: Synergistic insights from clinical and molecular analysis. Hum Mutat. 2020 May;41(5):865-883. doi: 10.1002/humu.24002. Epub 2020 Mar 11. Citation on PubMed
- Wade EM, Jenkins ZA, Daniel PB, Morgan T, Addor MC, Ades LC, Bertola D, Bohring A, Carter E, Cho TJ, de Geus CM, Duba HC, Fletcher E, Hadzsiev K, Hennekam RCM, Kim CA, Krakow D, Morava E, Neuhann T, Sillence D, Superti-Furga A, Veenstra-Knol HE, Wieczorek D, Wilson LC, Markie DM, Robertson SP. Autosomal dominant frontometaphyseal dysplasia: Delineation of the clinical phenotype. Am J Med Genet A. 2017 Jul;173(7):1739-1746. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38267. Epub 2017 May 12. Citation on PubMed
- Zenker M, Nahrlich L, Sticht H, Reis A, Horn D. Genotype-epigenotype-phenotype correlations in females with frontometaphyseal dysplasia. Am J Med Genet A. 2006 May 15;140(10):1069-73. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31213. Citation on PubMed
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