Trichothiodystrophy, commonly called TTD, is a rare inherited condition that affects many parts of the body. The hallmark of this condition is hair that is sparse and easily broken. 

In people with trichothiodystrophy, tests show that the hair is lacking sulfur-containing proteins that normally gives hair its strength. A cross section of a cut hair shows alternating light and dark banding that has been described as a "tiger tail."

The signs and symptoms of trichothiodystrophy vary widely. Mild cases may involve only the hair. More severe cases also cause delayed development, significant intellectual disability, and recurrent infections; severely affected individuals may survive only into infancy or early childhood.

Mothers of children with trichothiodystrophy may experience problems during pregnancy including pregnancy-induced high blood pressure (preeclampsia) and a related condition called HELLP syndrome that can damage the liver. Babies with trichothiodystrophy are at increased risk of premature birth, low birth weight, and slow growth. Most children with trichothiodystrophy have short stature compared to others their age. 

Intellectual disability and delayed development are common in people with trichothiodystrophy, although most affected individuals are highly social with an outgoing and engaging personality. Some people with trichothiodystrophy have brain abnormalities that can be seen with imaging tests. A common neurological feature of this disorder is impaired myelin production (dysmyelination). Myelin is a fatty substance that insulates nerve cells and promotes the rapid transmission of nerve impulses.

Trichothiodystrophy is also associated with recurrent infections, particularly respiratory infections, which can be life-threatening. People with trichothiodystrophy may have abnormal red blood cells, including red blood cells that are smaller than normal. They may also have elevated levels of a type of hemoglobin called A2, which is a protein found in red blood cells. Other features of trichothiodystrophy can include dry, scaly skin (ichthyosis); abnormalities of the fingernails and toenails; clouding of the lens in both eyes from birth (congenital cataracts); poor coordination; and skeletal abnormalities including degeneration of both hips at an early age.

About half of all people with trichothiodystrophy have a photosensitive form of the disorder, which causes them to be extremely sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight. They develop a severe sunburn after spending just a few minutes in the sun. However, for reasons that are unclear, they do not develop other sun-related problems such as excessive freckling of the skin or an increased risk of skin cancer. Many people with trichothiodystrophy report that they do not sweat.

Trichothiodystrophy has an estimated incidence of about 1 in 1 million newborns in the United States and Europe. About 100 affected individuals have been reported worldwide.

Variants (also called mutations) in at least 10 genes have been found to cause trichothiodystrophy. Most cases of the photosensitive form of trichothiodystrophy result from variants in one of three genes: ERCC2, ERCC3, or GTF2H5. The proteins produced from these genes work together as part of a group of proteins called the general transcription factor 2 H (TFIIH) complex. This complex is involved in the repair of DNA damage, which can be caused by UV rays. The TFIIH complex also plays an important role in gene transcription, which is the first step in protein production.

Variants in the ERCC2, ERCC3, or GTF2H5 genes reduce the amount of TFIIH complex within cells, which impairs both DNA repair and gene transcription. An inability to repair DNA damage probably underlies the sun sensitivity in affected individuals. Studies suggest that many of the other features of trichothiodystrophy may result from problems with the transcription of genes needed for normal development before and after birth.

Variants in at least seven genes have been reported to cause non-photosensitive forms of trichothiodystrophy. Variants in the MPLKIP gene account for fewer than 20 percent of all cases of non-photosensitive trichothiodystrophy. The protein produced from the MPLKIP gene does not appear to be involved in DNA repair. This protein interacts with another protein that is involved in processing and repairing RNA molecules, which are chemical cousins of DNA. Some forms of non-photosensitive trichothiodystrophy are caused by variants in genes that are also involved in RNA repair and protein production.

In some cases, the genetic cause of trichothiodystrophy is unknown.

Genetic Testing Information

• Genetic Testing Registry: Trichothiodystrophy 4, nonphotosensitive
• Genetic Testing Registry: Trichothiodystrophy 7, nonphotosensitive
• Genetic Testing Registry: Trichothiodystrophy 8, nonphotosensitive
• Genetic Testing Registry: Trichothiodystrophy 9, nonphotosensitive
• Genetic Testing Registry: Trichothiodystrophy 1, photosensitive
• Genetic Testing Registry: Trichothiodystrophy 2, photosensitive
• Genetic Testing Registry: Trichothiodystrophy 3, photosensitive
• Genetic Testing Registry: Trichothiodystrophy 5, nonphotosensitive
• Genetic Testing Registry: Trichothiodystrophy 6, nonphotosensitive

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center

• Trichothiodystrophy

Patient Support and Advocacy Resources

• National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)

Clinical Trials

• ClinicalTrials.gov

Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM

• TRICHOTHIODYSTROPHY 1, PHOTOSENSITIVE; TTD1
• TRICHOTHIODYSTROPHY 4, NONPHOTOSENSITIVE; TTD4

Scientific Articles on PubMed

• PubMed

• Faghri S, Tamura D, Kraemer KH, Digiovanna JJ. Trichothiodystrophy: a systematic review of 112 published cases characterises a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. J Med Genet. 2008 Oct;45(10):609-21. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2008.058743. Epub 2008 Jun 25. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
• Hashimoto S, Egly JM. Trichothiodystrophy view from the molecular basis of DNA repair/transcription factor TFIIH. Hum Mol Genet. 2009 Oct 15;18(R2):R224-30. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddp390. Citation on PubMed
• Ioannidis AD, Khan SG, Tamura D, DiGiovanna JJ, Rizza E, Kraemer KH, Rice RH. Trichothiodystrophy hair shafts display distinct ultrastructural features. Exp Dermatol. 2022 Aug;31(8):1270-1275. doi: 10.1111/exd.14614. Epub 2022 Jun 13. Citation on PubMed
• Kleijer WJ, Laugel V, Berneburg M, Nardo T, Fawcett H, Gratchev A, Jaspers NG, Sarasin A, Stefanini M, Lehmann AR. Incidence of DNA repair deficiency disorders in western Europe: Xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne syndrome and trichothiodystrophy. DNA Repair (Amst). 2008 May 3;7(5):744-50. doi: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2008.01.014. Epub 2008 Mar 10. Citation on PubMed
• Kuo ME, Theil AF, Kievit A, Malicdan MC, Introne WJ, Christian T, Verheijen FW, Smith DEC, Mendes MI, Hussaarts-Odijk L, van der Meijden E, van Slegtenhorst M, Wilke M, Vermeulen W, Raams A, Groden C, Shimada S, Meyer-Schuman R, Hou YM, Gahl WA, Antonellis A, Salomons GS, Mancini GMS. Cysteinyl-tRNA Synthetase Mutations Cause a Multi-System, Recessive Disease That Includes Microcephaly, Developmental Delay, and Brittle Hair and Nails. Am J Hum Genet. 2019 Mar 7;104(3):520-529. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.01.006. Epub 2019 Feb 26. Citation on PubMed
• Kuschal C, Botta E, Orioli D, Digiovanna JJ, Seneca S, Keymolen K, Tamura D, Heller E, Khan SG, Caligiuri G, Lanzafame M, Nardo T, Ricotti R, Peverali FA, Stephens R, Zhao Y, Lehmann AR, Baranello L, Levens D, Kraemer KH, Stefanini M. GTF2E2 Mutations Destabilize the General Transcription Factor Complex TFIIE in Individuals with DNA Repair-Proficient Trichothiodystrophy. Am J Hum Genet. 2016 Apr 7;98(4):627-42. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.02.008. Epub 2016 Mar 17. Citation on PubMed
• Liang C, Morris A, Schlucker S, Imoto K, Price VH, Menefee E, Wincovitch SM, Levin IW, Tamura D, Strehle KR, Kraemer KH, DiGiovanna JJ. Structural and molecular hair abnormalities in trichothiodystrophy. J Invest Dermatol. 2006 Oct;126(10):2210-6. doi: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700384. Epub 2006 May 25. Citation on PubMed
• Moslehi R, Signore C, Tamura D, Mills JL, Digiovanna JJ, Tucker MA, Troendle J, Ueda T, Boyle J, Khan SG, Oh KS, Goldstein AM, Kraemer KH. Adverse effects of trichothiodystrophy DNA repair and transcription gene disorder on human fetal development. Clin Genet. 2010 Apr;77(4):365-73. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01336.x. Epub 2009 Dec 10. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
• Randall G, Kraemer KH, Pugh J, Tamura D, DiGiovanna JJ, Khan SG, Oetjen KA. Mortality-associated immunological abnormalities in trichothiodystrophy: correlation of reduced levels of immunoglobulin and neutrophils with poor patient survival. Br J Haematol. 2019 May;185(4):752-754. doi: 10.1111/bjh.15598. Epub 2018 Oct 18. No abstract available. Citation on PubMed
• Shostak K, Jiang Z, Charloteaux B, Mayer A, Habraken Y, Tharun L, Klein S, Xu X, Duong HQ, Vislovukh A, Close P, Florin A, Rambow F, Marine JC, Buttner R, Chariot A. The X-linked trichothiodystrophy-causing gene RNF113A links the spliceosome to cell survival upon DNA damage. Nat Commun. 2020 Mar 9;11(1):1270. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15003-7. Citation on PubMed
• Stefanini M, Botta E, Lanzafame M, Orioli D. Trichothiodystrophy: from basic mechanisms to clinical implications. DNA Repair (Amst). 2010 Jan 2;9(1):2-10. doi: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2009.10.005. Citation on PubMed
• Theil AF, Botta E, Raams A, Smith DEC, Mendes MI, Caligiuri G, Giachetti S, Bione S, Carriero R, Liberi G, Zardoni L, Swagemakers SMA, Salomons GS, Sarasin A, Lehmann A, van der Spek PJ, Ogi T, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Vermeulen W, Orioli D. Bi-allelic TARS Mutations Are Associated with Brittle Hair Phenotype. Am J Hum Genet. 2019 Aug 1;105(2):434-440. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.06.017. Citation on PubMed