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MTOR gene
URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/mtor/

MTOR gene

mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase

Normal Function

The MTOR gene provides instructions for making a protein called mTOR. This protein is found in various cell types throughout the body including brain cells. It interacts with other proteins to form two distinct protein groups, called mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). Both of these complexes transmit signals that direct the cells' function. Signaling through mTORC1 and mTORC2 regulate protein production, which influences cell growth, division, and survival. This mTOR signaling is especially important for growth and development of the brain, and it plays a role in a process called synaptic plasticity, which is the ability of the connections between nerve cells (synapses) to change and adapt over time in response to experience. Synaptic plasticity is critical for learning and memory.

Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes

Smith-Kingsmore syndrome

Mutations in the MTOR gene cause a neurological disorder called Smith-Kingsmore syndrome. Individuals with this condition typically have a head that is larger than normal (macrocephaly), intellectual disability, and seizures. Affected individuals can also have unusual facial features, a neurodevelopmental disorder called attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or autism spectrum disorder, which affects communication and social interaction.

MTOR gene mutations that cause Smith-Kingsmore syndrome are germline mutations, which means they are present in cells throughout the body. The most common mutation, found in nearly half of affected individuals, changes a single protein building block (amino acid) in the mTOR protein. Specifically, the amino acid glutamic acid is replaced by the amino acid lysine at protein position 1799 (written as Glu1799Lys or E1799K). This and other MTOR gene mutations are called "gain-of-function" because they increase the activity of the mTOR protein and, consequently, mTOR signaling. As a result, protein production normally regulated by mTORC1 or mTORC2 is uncontrolled, which impacts cell growth and division and other cellular processes. Too much mTOR signaling in brain cells disrupts brain growth and development and synaptic plasticity, leading to macrocephaly, intellectual disability, seizures, and other neurological problems in people with Smith-Kingsmore syndrome. Excessive mTOR signaling in other parts of the body likely underlies other, less common signs and symptoms of the condition.

More About This Health Condition

Other disorders

Mutations in the MTOR gene can cause a spectrum of neurological disorders that result from abnormal development of the brain. This spectrum includes focal cortical dysplasia, which is characterized by malformation of the outer surface of the brain (the cerebral cortex), and hemimegalencephaly, which is enlargement of one side of the brain. These conditions are associated with recurrent seizures (epilepsy) that do not respond to treatment. The gene mutations involved in these disorders occur after conception and are not found in every cell in the body.

As in Smith-Kingsmore syndrome (described above), the genetic changes that cause focal cortical dysplasia and hemimegalencephaly are gain-of-function mutations. They abnormally increase mTOR signaling in brain cells, disrupting brain growth and development and leading to seizures.

Other Names for This Gene

  • FK506 binding protein 12-rapamycin associated protein 2
  • FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin complex-associated protein 1
  • FKBP-rapamycin associated protein
  • FKBP12-rapamycin complex-associated protein 1
  • FLJ44809
  • FRAP
  • FRAP1
  • FRAP2
  • mammalian target of rapamycin
  • mechanistic target of rapamycin (serine/threonine kinase)
  • RAFT1
  • rapamycin and FKBP12 target 1
  • rapamycin associated protein FRAP2
  • rapamycin target protein 1
  • RAPT1
  • serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR
  • SKS

Additional Information & Resources

Tests Listed in the Genetic Testing Registry

Scientific Articles on PubMed

Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM

Gene and Variant Databases

References

  • Gordo G, Tenorio J, Arias P, Santos-Simarro F, Garcia-Minaur S, Moreno JC, Nevado J, Vallespin E, Rodriguez-Laguna L, de Mena R, Dapia I, Palomares-Bralo M, Del Pozo A, Ibanez K, Silla JC, Barroso E, Ruiz-Perez VL, Martinez-Glez V, Lapunzina P. mTOR mutations in Smith-Kingsmore syndrome: Four additional patients and a review. Clin Genet. 2018 Apr;93(4):762-775. doi: 10.1111/cge.13135. Epub 2018 Feb 13. Citation on PubMed
  • Hoeffer CA, Klann E. mTOR signaling: at the crossroads of plasticity, memory and disease. Trends Neurosci. 2010 Feb;33(2):67-75. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2009.11.003. Epub 2009 Dec 4. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
  • Jhanwar-Uniyal M, Amin AG, Cooper JB, Das K, Schmidt MH, Murali R. Discrete signaling mechanisms of mTORC1 and mTORC2: Connected yet apart in cellular and molecular aspects. Adv Biol Regul. 2017 May;64:39-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jbior.2016.12.001. Epub 2017 Jan 4. Citation on PubMed
  • Lim JS, Kim WI, Kang HC, Kim SH, Park AH, Park EK, Cho YW, Kim S, Kim HM, Kim JA, Kim J, Rhee H, Kang SG, Kim HD, Kim D, Kim DS, Lee JH. Brain somatic mutations in MTOR cause focal cortical dysplasia type II leading to intractable epilepsy. Nat Med. 2015 Apr;21(4):395-400. doi: 10.1038/nm.3824. Epub 2015 Mar 23. Citation on PubMed
  • Mirzaa GM, Campbell CD, Solovieff N, Goold C, Jansen LA, Menon S, Timms AE, Conti V, Biag JD, Adams C, Boyle EA, Collins S, Ishak G, Poliachik S, Girisha KM, Yeung KS, Chung BHY, Rahikkala E, Gunter SA, McDaniel SS, Macmurdo CF, Bernstein JA, Martin B, Leary R, Mahan S, Liu S, Weaver M, Doerschner M, Jhangiani S, Muzny DM, Boerwinkle E, Gibbs RA, Lupski JR, Shendure J, Saneto RP, Novotny EJ, Wilson CJ, Sellers WR, Morrissey M, Hevner RF, Ojemann JG, Guerrini R, Murphy LO, Winckler W, Dobyns WB. Association of MTOR Mutations With Developmental Brain Disorders, Including Megalencephaly, Focal Cortical Dysplasia, and Pigmentary Mosaicism. JAMA Neurol. 2016 Jul 1;73(7):836-845. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.0363. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
  • Moller RS, Weckhuysen S, Chipaux M, Marsan E, Taly V, Bebin EM, Hiatt SM, Prokop JW, Bowling KM, Mei D, Conti V, de la Grange P, Ferrand-Sorbets S, Dorfmuller G, Lambrecq V, Larsen LH, Leguern E, Guerrini R, Rubboli G, Cooper GM, Baulac S. Germline and somatic mutations in the MTOR gene in focal cortical dysplasia and epilepsy. Neurol Genet. 2016 Oct 31;2(6):e118. doi: 10.1212/NXG.0000000000000118. eCollection 2016 Dec. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
  • Moosa S, Bohrer-Rabel H, Altmuller J, Beleggia F, Nurnberg P, Li Y, Yigit G, Wollnik B. Smith-Kingsmore syndrome: A third family with the MTOR mutation c.5395G>A p.(Glu1799Lys) and evidence for paternal gonadal mosaicism. Am J Med Genet A. 2017 Jan;173(1):264-267. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37999. Epub 2016 Oct 18. Citation on PubMed
  • Nakashima M, Saitsu H, Takei N, Tohyama J, Kato M, Kitaura H, Shiina M, Shirozu H, Masuda H, Watanabe K, Ohba C, Tsurusaki Y, Miyake N, Zheng Y, Sato T, Takebayashi H, Ogata K, Kameyama S, Kakita A, Matsumoto N. Somatic Mutations in the MTOR gene cause focal cortical dysplasia type IIb. Ann Neurol. 2015 Sep;78(3):375-86. doi: 10.1002/ana.24444. Epub 2015 Jul 3. Citation on PubMed

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