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Can changes in mitochondrial DNA affect health and development?
URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/mitochondrialconditions/

Can changes in mitochondrial DNA affect health and development?

Mitochondria are structures within cells that convert the energy from food into a form that cells can use. Although most DNA is packaged in chromosomes within the nucleus, mitochondria also have a small amount of their own DNA (known as mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA). In some cases, inherited changes in mitochondrial DNA can cause problems with growth, development, and function of the body’s systems. These variants (also known as mutations) disrupt the mitochondria’s ability to generate energy efficiently for cells.

Conditions caused by variants in mitochondrial DNA often involve multiple organ systems. The effects of these conditions are most pronounced in organs and tissues that require a lot of energy (such as the heart, brain, and muscles). Although the health consequences of inherited mitochondrial DNA alterations vary widely, frequently observed features include muscle weakness and wasting, problems with movement, diabetes, kidney failure, heart disease, loss of intellectual functions (dementia), hearing loss, and problems involving the eyes and vision.

Genetic changes that are not inherited (which are known as somatic variants) may also occur in mitochondrial DNA. Somatic variants occur in the DNA of certain cells (not sperm or egg cells) during a person’s lifetime and are not passed to future generations. Because mitochondrial DNA has a limited ability to repair errors, these variants tend to build up over time. A buildup of somatic variants in mitochondrial DNA has been associated with some forms of cancer and an increased risk of certain age-related disorders such as heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Additionally, research suggests that the progressive accumulation of these variants over a person’s lifetime may play a role in the normal process of aging.

For more information about conditions caused by mitochondrial DNA changes:

An overview of mitochondrial disorders is available from GeneReviews.From the National Institutes of Health        

The Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA) offers an introduction to mitochondrial disorders as part of their fact sheet called Mitochondrial Myopathies.

The United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation (UMDF) provides information about the biology of mitochondrial disease.

Topics in the Variants and Health chapter

  • What is a gene variant and how do variants occur?
  • How can gene variants affect health and development?
  • Do all gene variants affect health and development?
  • What kinds of gene variants are possible?
  • Can a change in the number of genes affect health and development?
  • Can changes in the number of chromosomes affect health and development?
  • Can changes in the structure of chromosomes affect health and development?
  • Can changes in noncoding DNA affect health and development?
  • Can changes in mitochondrial DNA affect health and development?
  • What are complex or multifactorial disorders?
  • What does it mean to have a genetic predisposition to a disease?
  • How are gene variants involved in evolution?
  • What information can statistics provide about a genetic condition?
  • How are genetic conditions and genes named?

Other chapters in Help Me Understand Genetics

The information on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. Contact a health care provider if you have questions about your health.

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Last updated September 17, 2021
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