Blood is drawn from a vein. Most often, a vein from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand is used.

The procedure is as follows:

• The site is cleaned with an antiseptic.
• The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood.
• The provider gently inserts a needle into the vein.
• The blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. The elastic band is removed from your arm.
• Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed. The puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding.

In infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage may be placed over the area if there is any bleeding.

There is no special preparation needed.

When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain. Others may feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing.

C3 and C4 are the most commonly measured complement components.

A complement test may be used to monitor people with an autoimmune disorder. It is done to see if treatment for their condition is working. When the complement system is turned on during inflammation, levels of complement proteins may go down. For example, people with active lupus erythematosus may have lower-than-normal levels of the complement proteins C3 and C4.

The test may also be done for the following conditions:

• Fungal infections
• Gram negative septicemia
• Parasitic infections, such as malaria
• Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)
• Shock

The normal range is 88 to 201 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) (0.88 to 2.01 g/L).

Note: Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your provider about the meaning of your specific test results.

The examples above show the common measurements for results for these tests. Some laboratories use different measurements or may test different specimens.

Increased complement activity may be seen in:

• Cancer
• Ulcerative colitis

Decreased complement activity may be seen in:

• Bacterial infections (especially Neisseria)
• Cirrhosis
• Glomerulonephritis
• Hepatitis
• Hereditary angioedema
• Kidney transplant rejection
• Lupus nephritis
• Malnutrition
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Rare inherited complement deficiencies
• Systemic vasculitis

Risks associated with having blood drawn are slight, but may include:

• Excessive bleeding
• Fainting or feeling lightheaded
• Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)
• Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)

The complement cascade is a series of reactions that take place in the blood. The cascade activates the complement proteins. The result is an attack unit that creates holes in the membrane of bacteria, killing them. C3 attaches to bacteria and kills them directly.

C3

Atkinson JP, Holers VM. Complement system in disease. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 37.

Bean KV, Massey HD, Gupta G. Mediators of inflammation: complement. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 48.

Ram S. Complement and deficiencies. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 9.

Sullivan KE, Grumach AS. The complement system. In: Burks AW, Holgate ST, O'Hehir RE, et al, eds. Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 8.

Updated by: Diane M. Horowitz, MD, Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Northwell Health, Great Neck, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.